Tuesday, February 26, 2008

Mighty Tetramorphin' Power Rangers

One of my favorite and most cited resources is "A Dictionary of Symbols" by Juan Eduardo Cirlot. While researching Tiger symbolism for my "Night Watch" post Day Destroys The Night I came upon this intriguing piece of information:

"[In China] Five mythic tigers together constitutes a symbol which is invested with the same meaning as the tetramorphs in Christian tradition, in so far as they are the defenders of the spacial order against the forces of chaos. The Red Tiger reigns in the south, his season being summer and his Element fire; the Black Tiger reigns in the north-winter is his season, and his Element water; the Blue Tiger reigns in the East, in the spring and amidst vegetation; the White Tiger predominates in the west, in autumn and among the metals; and, finally, the Yellow Tiger (solar in colour) inhabits the earth and reigns supreme over all the other tigers. This Yellow Tiger is located in the 'Centre', as the Emperor was situated in the heart of China and as China lies at the centre of the world. This quaternary division plus the centre as the fifth Element is, as Jung has shown, of archetypal significance in the symbolism of situation."

If you lived through the '80s, especially if you grew up in the '80s like I did, then this description naturally brings this to mind:

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Not exactly the pattern Cirlot describes, but pretty damn close. This is Voltron, of course, specifically Voltron III or Voltron of the Far Universe, the Lion Voltron based on and built out of the Japanese anime "Hyakujuu-ou Golion" (Hundred Beast King GoLion/FiveLion). Undoubtedly this makes Voltron the Quintessential giant mecha. Here's footage from "Voltron" of the four elemental Lions activating, note the locales they emerge from:



The Fifth Lion, in this case the Black Lion, representing the Center, emerges at the castle from within a statue of a Winged Lion. A Winged Lion is a direct reference to the occidental Tetramorph, specifically representing the constellation Leo/Fire. The pilot of the Black Lion likewise wears a Red uniform, which further would associate with Fire. I'd like to think in this we can see how complex these symbol systems can be in their presentation, with the information perhaps distorted in synchronistic translation, or even purposefully rearranged. I believe it demonstrates how, as is the case with Lyra's Alethiometer, the information is multi-layered. Sara Lee symbolism.

We in fact see this elemental patterning to such a degree in Japanese anime, manga, video games, etc., that it is clearly traditional iconography. There are probably hundreds if not thousands of examples. As the title of this article implies, we clearly see it in play in many of the Japanese Super Sentai series (like "Golion", Toei/Bandai productions), which have been reworked and translated for American children as "The Mighty Morphin Power Rangers", and its antecedents.

This is not an unusual practice whatsoever, a cut and paste of anime for a Western audience. As a young child I was totally enthralled by "Battle of the Planets", about the super hero team "G-Force". I even had the lunch box. But of course I was too young to realize that this was a bastardized presentation of Kagaku ninja tai Gatchaman (Science Ninja Team Gatchaman). How could I not love this cartoon? The bad guy was a bat-like hermaphrodite, and the good guys were super science ninjas who dressed like Birds, for goodness sake, and they flew around in a space ship called "Phoenix" that burst into flame (on purpose) once per episode (as the ultimate resource of the team). Gatchaman is cited as the originator of the Five member team motif utilized in the Sentai works that followed.

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The specific bird types their costumes represent are (l.-r.) Eagle, Owl, Swallow, Swan and Condor. I can't see a way to clearly relate these figures to Four or Five Elements, and I believe this is again due to complex symbol layering, but if I had to guess based on color schemes and predominant characteristics I would say Fire, Earth, Air, Ether and Water. While the Swan is certainly indicative of the element of Water, the status of the character as the sole female member (called "Princess" in "Battle of the Planets") differentiates her, and suggests the divinity of a Sovereignty figure (note the many, many Princesses in Japanese entertainment, Voltron being a ready example).

Heavily involved here is the interaction, the mutual influencing, of Eastern and Western artistic expression, a huge topic that I'm only going to nod to here. The Sentai genre inspiring Gatchaman is clearly inspired by American comic books, specifically animal based characters. Likewise I find some pretty clear examples of Japanese works that seem to have inspired Jack Kirby, for example. There is a great deal of Osamu Tezuka's atomic powered Pinocchio Astro Boy/Mighty Atom evident in Machine Man. And in terms of design, it's hard to imagine Kirby came up with the original look of Iron Man without any awareness of Mitsuteru Yokoyama's Gigantor, who is also known as Iron Man #28.

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And if you're familiar with the Kirby designed Sentinels from the X-Men, you may agree with me that they bear a striking similarity to Japanese-style giant robots.

The Elemental pattern involving four or five is of course present in Western cartoons and comic books as well. I won't even get into Bill Willingham's "Elementals", too easy. I've brought this topic up before in Mercury Retrograde, making mention of the characters from the super hero films "The Incredibles" and "Zoom" (noting in both cases that Fire is specifically displaced) as extrapolations from the clearly elemental Fantastic Four created by Jack Kirby and Stan Lee.

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Art by Jack Kirby

The Thing is Earth, the Human Torch is Fire, the Invisible Girl is Air and Mister Fantastic is Water. One could read the Cosmic Energy that generates their abilities as the Fifth Element, and the position eventually is characterized by the omni-powerful Franklin Richards, the son of Reed and Sue, the product of their Chemical Wedding.

More specific attention to the Tetramorph pattern was noted in The Great Marvel Mysteries Part Two when I discussed Jean Grey/Phoenix/Marvel Girl, who is Ether, with the solar powered Cyclops representing Fire, the Iceman Water, the flying Angel Air and the Beast Earth.

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Art by Jack Kirby

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Art by Jack Kirby

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Art by Jack Kirby

Naturally the same elemental pattern was applied by Lee and Kirby to the FF's supposed opposite numbers, The Frightful Four. The Sandman is of course Earth, the anti-gravity expert Wizard is Air, the super-glue using Paste-Pot Pete is Water and the prehensile haired Medusa is Fire.

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Art by Jack Kirby

How great that the issue introducing the elemental Frightful Four included a guest appearance by the Quintessential X-Men.

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Art by Jack Kirby

And at an engagement party for the pending Chemical Wedding no less. The Avengers, however, are not Elemental. They're far more planetary, or the days of the week, if you include Captain America along with the original lineup, and count the Hulk twice. Because the Apollonian/Dionysian Hulk stands for Sunday and Monday, Mars signifying Iron Man is Tuesday, Hermes resonator Captain America is Wednesday, Thor is of course Thursday, the flirty, sole female, the Wasp (Bee) is Friday, and the Titanic Giant Man is Saturday. I'm not saying this particular pattern is purposeful, I'm just saying it is.

Kirby's Madame Medusa is far more then just a member of a team of second-string villains though. She's something very special, a variation of human even more specialized and exclusive, even more distinctly esoteric, then Marvel's mutants. She's the Queen of the Inhumans, making her another Sovereignty goddess figure.  I had to wonder if these elemental qualities relate to Kirby's Madame Medusa if there was an extension of the concept apparent in the rest of the Inhuman Royal Family. I think I can argue that there is.

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Art by Jack Kirby

Medusa is still Fire, Gorgon (yes the group includes both a Medusa and a Gorgon) is Earth (very apparently given his Bull/Goat appearance), Black Bolt is Air (the sole flier, with super ultra-sonic powers), and Triton is Water (obviously). Crystal then is the Quintessence, as she controls the four Elements. This leaves Karnak out, but we might note that Karnak has no super powers. Instead he is a master of super-esoteric arts, a monk. Karnak is the high priest of the spatial order his compatriots represent. Also great is the Inhumans "dog" Lockjaw, a living Stargate, absolutely appropriate, a great item of surrealism on Kirby's part.

Given the major level of influence that Kirby has had on popular culture in general, and to super hero media in specific, I bet we could find all sorts of interesting expressions of this symbol system. I'm interested in hearing other people's observations. To demonstrate how far-ranging the expression of the elemental qualities can be, I direct you to my article Tetramorph(eus) and the Blue Illusions for a sneaky example from "Star Wars II: Attack of the Clones". Or how about Alex Toth's late 60's Hanna-Barbara cartoon "The Herculoids"?

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Energy-rock shooter Tundro is Fire, flying dragon Zok is Air, shape-changers Gloop and Gleep are Water and the Rock Ape Igoo is obviously Earth. Plus I think Zandor, Tarro and Dorna are something of a Royal Family. At any rate Zandor as the leader of the Herculoids occupies the Quintessential position.

Another subtle application of the elemental pattern comes from Marvel's "Power Pack", created by writer Louise Simonson and illustrator June Brigman.

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Art by June Brigman

Power Pack's powers relate to four fundamental scientific principles, gravity, light, mass and energy, but we can observe that Alex/Gee controls gravity (Earth), Julie/Lightspeed flies (Air), Jack/Mass Master becomes vaporous (Water) and Katie/Energizer disintegrates matter and emits explosions (Fire). Eventually Power Pack gained a fifth member, and we have no difficulty viewing him as the Fifth Element, because he's the aforementioned Franklin Richards.

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Art by June Brigman

Dig the Moon Boots. Franklin's Power Pack emblem, its worth noting, is an Eye emitting a beam of Light.

Want one more? I got a good one, with a really sneaky application of the Elemental Pattern. I'm talking about the original Doom Patrol, created by writers Bob Haney and Arnold Drake and illustrator Bruno Premiani. Through what can only be considered sheer synchronicity DC's Doom Patrol debuted in "My Greatest Adventure" in the summer of 1963, just months before Marvel's "X-Men" hit the stands. Both titles featured a team of super heroes that felt ostracized by the outer world due to their freakish natures, and both were led by a wheelchair bound scientist. While it's not possible that Kirby's X-Men was a take off of the Doom Patrol, it is apparent that the Doom Patrol was directly influenced by the Fantastic Four and the Marvel comics style in general.

Now, the characters are not elemental in nature, not really. Cliff Steel/Robotman is a human brain implanted in a super strong robot body, Rita Farr/Elasti-Girl (note this name was used in "The Incredibles") can both shrink and grow, Larry Trainor/Negative Man could project an anti-energy being from his body, and Niles Caulder/the Chief was just very, very smart. I think arguments could be made that the powers and characteristics of the Doom Patrol do relate to the four elements, but there's a clearer indication of the pattern that comes in a different manner. Here are the origins of the Doom Patrol. All art that follows is by Bruno Premiani.

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Is that great or what? The elemental indications come in the characters' origins, Rita in the Water, Larry in the Air, Cliff on the Earth, and the Chief had a bomb, Fire, implanted on his spine. Also note the use of the name R-2 for a faithful robot here in the mid-sixties (even better, he's also RA-2).

One more thing before I go. In Bat Time Bat Channel I included this work of Pop Art by Roy Lichtenstein:

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That's quite clearly the helmet of Magneto depicted in the painting. The face underneath, however, actually was traced from an image of the Chief from an episode of the Doom Patrol, drawn by Premiani:

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How strange. These characters are unrelated, being from different companies. The Chief pretty easily relates to Professor X, but what's really boggling is that both characters, Magneto and the Chief, had controversial reworkings by Chaos Magician comic book writer Grant Morrison. In both cases Morrison took good characters (Magneto having been reformed more or less at that time) and made them fundamentally evil, a little retrograde action. What does Grant Morrison knows about Roy Lichtenstein's Image Duplicator?

Tuesday, February 19, 2008

Legerdemain of the Dark Knight II - The Turn

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As "Batman Begins" is described as an attempt to revitalize the franchise, the story centers on the Batman origin, the process of how young Bruce Wayne is transformed into a seemingly super natural force of justice. Invariably super hero origin stories are about a process of initiation. It is at its core the Hero's Journey after all. Nolan and Company revel in this structure, and we find esoteric symbolism supporting the theme at practically every Turn.

There are many places we might expect a gothic, high fantasy melodrama to open. It is unexpected maybe that "Batman Begins" starts in a Garden. Unexpected but fully appropriate. This is the childhood garden of Bruce Wayne and Rachel Dawes. The sequence is brief, the children run through the garden in innocent abandon, stopping at a Green House. The Green House symbol works on many levels. A Green House is a Temple of the Sun, its function emphasizes the process of growth and development. And there's the pun of its name, the Green House, a locale for Green Language speakers. If we think about the nature of a green house to produce growth through solar enlightenment, and keep in mind its glass walls, we can easily see how it can work as an emblem of the Invisible College, especially placed subtly as a starting point for a character that is fundamentally Dionysian in nature. Related to this is the significance of the Garden as a starting point in a story following the model of Persephone.

Also noteworthy here is the arrowhead the children are play-fighting over. It is the symbol of a hunter or warrior. You are likely at least casually familiar with the concepts underlying "Zen and the Art of Archery", a philosophical model of development and perfecting that is strongly played in this treatment of the Batman origin. A chipped slate arrowhead further denotes the fundamental metaphorical concept of the core, the soul, which can be perfected through a process of concentrated refinement, chipping away. Archery as an esoteric device is then able to be utilized as a stand in for Art and Alchemy, all concepts denoted by the symbolism of Temperance, Tarot Trump XIV. Temperance is associated with the zodiacal sign Sagittarius. Remembering that Batman is the King of Wands, and that Wands represent the element of Fire, Sagittarius is not only a Fire sign, but Fire as used in the act of Forging.

But we are quickly shown that this Garden is a Secret Garden, a garden of the mind, a childhood memory of perfect happiness just preceding Bruce Wayne's introduction to fear. Bruce runs off with the Arrowhead, and stands upon the unstable cover of an old well, the wood gives way and Bruce falls. At the very outset of the story Bruce Wayne moves from idealized garden to subterranean cavern, a Fall, and one that takes place via a Well. Bruce is holding the Arrowhead when he experiences this entering into the Otherworld, made pivotal here to his development. Bruce's fall awakens a colony of bats living in the caves, and he's traumatized as they swarm past him. This childhood experience awakens and surrounds Bruce with Dark (Occult/Hidden) Omens, and he's fundamentally transformed.

An adult Bruce Wayne is now shown in a Chinese prison camp, a locale soon identified as Hell by one of the inmates. The inmate also identifies himself as the Devil, but this is a false claim, quickly dispelled by Wayne as he fights off six to seven men. Bruce is then placed in solitary confinement for the safety of the other prisoners. This shift in time emphasizes the infernal nature of Bruce's Fall down the Well, and the nature of the place it took him to.

Wayne then meets Henri Ducard (Neeson), a representative of Ra's al Ghul's League of Shadows, a secret society of vigilantes. We learn through this conversation that Wayne is self-exiled, he has placed himself in Hell as part of the process of his refinement, the anthropological study of the criminal mind. It's suggested he could leave at any time. The semi-divine Dionysus can enter and exit the Underworld at will. Ducard offers Wayne a more direct path to the achievement of Wayne's personal mission, an offer to apply for membership in the League of Shadows (essentially a synonym for Secret Society/Mystery Cult/Occult Order). Ducard talks about the process of deliberately crafting a legend. Ducard, secretly Ra's al Ghul, the Demon's Head, is the true Devil of course. Bruce Wayne meets him in Hell. Ducard offers him a bargain and Bruce Wayne accepts.

And this is overtly an initiation story as Ducard directs Bruce to locate a rare Blue flower.  Of course finding a rare blue flower is seemingly effortless for the young vegetable god. Note how the flower emblem echoes the opening Garden scene.

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Kind of poppy-esque. After locating the flower Wayne must then climb Himalayan Mountains, a directive given by "Everest" narrator Neeson. Not only must he climb mountains, Bruce must also locate the monastery-like headquarters of the League of Shadows, a common element conferring a Shambhala metaphor. It's worth noting that all of this Orientalism is quite in step with the Romantic, Baroque, Gothic, Expressionist underpinnings of the Batman mythos.

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Bruce Wayne presents the blue flower to Ducard and the false Ra's al Ghul. This reinforces the repeating, multi-leveled symbolism of false doubles and alter-egos. Having passed the first stage of his initiation, Bruce's training by Ducard commences. It is a violent process, described as Bruce learning to face his fear in order to be able to manipulate the fears of others. Noting the allegorical use of violence in the super hero fantasy genre, we can always take interest in training of esoteric arts, martial and otherwise. Amongst the martial arts techniques identified by Ducard are the Dionysian symbols "Tiger'" and "Panther".

The exploration of Bruce Wayne's fears returns the story to his childhood, and his Fall down the Well. His father pulls him out and feeds him character-building advice on dealing with negative circumstances, words that become defining lessons for the soon to be orphaned Bruce Wayne.

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Thomas Wayne tells Bruce that, "We fall so we can learn to pick ourselves up", and that "All creatures feel fear", "Especially the scary ones". Thomas Wayne then shows Bruce a Pearl necklace he's bought for Bruce's mother, Martha. Noting that the Pearl is a goddess emblem, easily associated to Aphrodite, we can also take interest in the fact that the term "Baroque" derives from a term for imperfect Pearls (and Teeth). While the term may have been applied in a derogatory manner originally, we can delight in the evolution of its connotation, as a term now referring to the beauty of the irregular.

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The most fateful night of Bruce Wayne's life is then presented, as he and his parents travel by Elevated Train to a night at the opera. The Train is a major emblem of being Ferried or Guided. An elevated Train then connotes a lifted or heightened teaching. This is emphasized on a story level as Thomas Wayne identifies the mass transit system as his philanthropic act for the city, establishing Thomas Wayne as the benefactor of Gotham City, one of many points where Bruce Wayne and Gotham City are eluded to being one and the same. The hub of the Train system is Wayne Tower (topped by a pyramid), described as the Center of Gotham City. Thomas Wayne, however, does not work at Wayne Enterprises. As a humanitarian, he had a calling to medicine, and works at the hospital. Thomas Wayne is a Hospitaller. Note the Deco/Gothic arches supporting Wayne's Train. Note too the Trident-like treatment of the "W" icon of Wayne Enterprises.

The family attends the opera, almost certainly a production of "Faust", but Bruce's recent trauma causes him to experience a phobic reaction to Bat-costumed performers hanging by ropes from the ceiling. He asks his father if they can leave, and they do, but this by happenstance causes them to be mugged by Joe Chill. Bruce's irrational fear, via coincidence, leads to the murder of his parents.

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A highly religious scene, composed like a Baroque painting. Like most treatments of the Batman origin, emphasis is placed on the symbolic item of Martha Wayne's broken Pearl necklace. In the aftermath of his parents' murder young Bruce Wayne first meets James Gordon, and has significant interactions with Alfred and Rutger Hauer's character Mr. Earle. "Batman Begins" explicitly is about the shaping of Batman/Bruce Wayne via his various good and evil father-figures, Thomas Wayne, Alfred, Jim Gordon, Mr. Earle, Carmine Falcone, Ducard/Ra's al Ghul, and Lucius Fox.

Fear turns into guilt in the development of Batman's fundamental purpose. Time shifts forward again to Bruce's training with Ducard, where Bruce states that his anger outweighs his guilt. Bruce's training continues with emphasis on the art of becoming invisible through patience and agility, the use of theatricality and deception (the generation of a hoax), and the channeling of will into action.

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The duel on the frozen lake can be read in a number of ways, foremost of which I think is the continuation of the Luciferian symbolism associated with Ducard/Ra's. In "Dante's Inferno" the lowest level of Hell, the fourth zone of the ninth circle, is Judecca, reserved for traitors, frozen in ice. This is especially apt given the "multiple faces" of Ducard/Ra's. We can take interest in the reversal of directions at play here, the mountain climb as ascent to Hell.

We can see the symbol play involved in this continued "Fall" of Bruce Wayne as an active choice he makes, continuing the Faustian connotations, as the film flashes back again to the time prior to Bruce's self-imposed exile in the Orient. We learn he Dropped out of Princeton, demonstrating that his Fall is now a Jump, trying to move away from the aristocratic reality he was born to (but an inevitable aspect of his character that he eventually returns to). He even expresses his desire to have the mansion torn down.

In this sequence Bruce has returned to Gotham City to attend the parole hearing of Joe Chill, the man who murdered his parents. It includes his reunion with Rachel Dawes, who became an assistant to Gotham City District Attorney Carl Finch. Finch and Dawes are working to secure Chill's release as he spent time as a cell mate of Gotham crime lord Carmine Falcone, learning information, he agreed to testify against Falcone. The emphasis here on characters with Bird names is significant, indicating this work is speaking to us in the Language of the Birds, as we should fully expect from Batman, who is secretly a Bird-Man.

There is a palpable strain between the philosophical viewpoints of Bruce Wayne, angered and haunted by his personal loss, and his childhood friend Rachel, who represents at this moment the idealized intent of the justice system. In fact the emphasis placed by the filmmakers on the Bruce Wayne/Rachel Dawes relationship takes on new clarity if one considers Dawes as an allegorical representative of Justice. But Bruce at this time is focused on his personal crimes, and he attends Chill's hearing armed with a hand gun, prepared to avenge his parents despite the consequences of the action on himself. This becomes unnecessary as an assassin working for Falcone kills Chill immediately following the trial, preventing Chill from testifying. The fact that Falcone could get an agent close enough to Chill to do this further demonstrates the corruption of Gotham City, emblemized by Falcone.

Leaving the scene Bruce and Rachel debate the difference between justice and revenge. Bruce declares that the system is broken, and that the city is rotten. Rachel contends that the corruption represented by Falcone is generating dozens of criminals like Joe Chill every day, urging Bruce to switch his perspective from the micro to the macroscopic. He confesses to Rachel his plan to murder Chill himself, which infuriates and disgusts her. This leads to Bruce tossing his pistol into the river (visually establishing the loose Batman convention of not using firearms) and going to confront Falcone. The conversation between Wayne and Falcone is another key point of character development as Bruce Wayne is made to realize that his personal experience is a symptom of the larger disease of Gotham City, represented by Falcone. Bruce Wayne is Gotham City. Keeping to the movie's themes, Falcone stresses that his power is achieved through fear, stating "You always fear what you can't understand", a concept that feeds into Wayne's later construction of his theatrical persona, his symbol crafting.

Following this Bruce Wayne sets off on his journey to the East, renouncing his worldly goods and learning the criminal mindset (though it is stressed that he never truly becomes a proper criminal himself, as the goods he's arrested in China for stealing are the property of Wayne Enterprises). The film then returns to Bruce Wayne's League of Shadow training. Ducard uses a mortar and pestle (a symbol of witch craft/alchemy/the occult) to produce a powerful, fear-centered hallucinogen out of the initiatory blue flower (a property more or less shared by the blue flowers in Philip K. Dick's "A Scanner Darkly").

Ducard has Bruce inhale smoke from the blue flower, inhaling his fear. This is a clear demonstration of initiation by intoxication. This leads to a trippy ninja-fight exercise and Ducard presenting Bruce with a box containing his "worst fear", following the Pandora model. During this sequence Ducard delivers important concepts to the synthesis of the Batman figure, telling Bruce that, "To conquer fear you must become fear", to "Bask in the fear of other men.", that "Men fear most what they can not see", and that "Terror is the power to distort and control". Even more important is Ducard's instruction that Bruce become "-a terrible thought", "a wraith", "-an idea".

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Bruce is then presented with the final level of his initiation, to become not just a member of the League of Shadows, but a field general, perhaps because Bruce Wayne/Batman is fundamentally an aristocrat, an aspect of his persona that he can not erase, a point made repeatedly through the movie, particularly by super-ego Alfred. But Bruce's final initiation is the execution of a criminal, something he refuses to do.

It is at this point that Bruce is made cognizant of the League of Shadows' plan to alter society by tearing down Gotham City. The most important function of the League of Shadows is described as inducing Change through calculated acts of destruction, crafting and perpetuating Hoaxes and False Flag actions. This is compared to the Fall of Rome. This becomes a pertinent statement by the filmmakers if we keep in mind that Gotham City, like Superman's Metropolis, is New York City, barely veiled and utilized as representative of larger American culture and society. Bruce Wayne, inherently connected to Gotham City, they are one and the same, recognizes that Gotham is rotten and needs transformation, but his mission is to Rescue the city, not tear it down or sacrifice it for some higher effect.

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Now in opposition to the League, the conflict naturally becomes violent. Bruce Wayne engages in a duel with the false Ra's al Ghul, in the process setting the League of Shadows compound on fire, a symbolic device I'm sure we can all read easily. As the complex collapses around them the false Ra's is killed, but Bruce Wayne manages to rescue his personal mentor Ducard and escape the building before it explodes. He then saves Ducard again, stopping him from Falling off an icy cliff.

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His training complete, and his ties to the League of Shadows now severed, Ra's al Ghul apparently destroyed, Bruce Wayne now decides to return to Gotham City, summoning Alfred to pick him up and bring him home. Because he can enter and exit the Underworld at Will. Alfred, clearly the conscious/super-ego/Jimminy Cricket of Batman in this telling, is significant here as the Wayne private jet pilots Bruce Wayne towards his mission to save Gotham City. Bruce and Alfred discuss how Thomas Wayne was a crusader against poverty. Bruce is following in his father's footsteps, but fighting different demons, corruption and depravity, the malicious feeding off the innocent, a Light and Dark struggle (Baroque) of Zoroastrian duality, a model of reality only available in allegories. Discussing the means of how he plans to fight his personal war, Bruce states "-people need dramatic examples to shake them out of apathy", and that as a symbol he can be incorruptible, showing his adoption of Ducard's lessons about crafting an idea or metaphor, perpetuating a hoax in order to effect social change. He furthers that this persona must be elemental and terrifying to be functional. We can take interest here in the emphasis placed on symbol crafting. The punning nature of an argotic symbol system often describes its own process.

We also learn here that Bruce Wayne has been declared legally dead (by Mr. Earle), as he has been missing for Seven years. The number seven connotes a complete time cycle (i.e. the days of the week, the Act of Creation), based on the geocentric planetary model. The resurrection motif is very easy to read here as Bruce Wayne is literally returning to Life after a full time-cycle in the Underworld. This is solar symbolism that is fully in step with the concept of Batman as Dionysus.

The typifying flash-back device of Nolan movies ends now as the story enters the present with a primarily linear narrative. We're introduced to Murphy's Dr. Jonathan Crane, testifying to the insanity of a Falcone hitman, resulting in the convict being sent to the Gotham City mental institution Arkham Asylum rather then going to prison. Batman fans might appreciate the inclusion of the fairly obscure Batman rogue Mr.Zsasz here. This is described as the third employee of Falcone that Crane has done this for, a situation that disturbs assistant DA Rachel Dawes, who accuses Crane of corruption. Note again the character name of Crane, said to be taken from Ichabod Crane from Washington Irving's "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow". The term "Gotham City" as a nickname for New York also originated with Washington Irving.

Back at the mansion, we see the "Batman Begins" version of the bat omen portion of the Batman origin. In this case the presence of the bat in the mansion is not a freak event, but a regular occurrence according to Alfred, and Bruce and the viewers know this is due to bat infested cave complex at the bottom of the well. The bat inspires Bruce, who has learned to conquer his fears, to climb down the Well (using ropes, his Descent and Ascent to and from the Underworld now controlled). Bruce pushes through the small opening (a clear rebirthing symbol) at the bottom of the Well from where the swarm of bats emerged years ago, and finds himself in a large cave complex with prominent Underground Stream. He lights a Torch, awakening the bat colony. His figure is lost amongst their swarm, but he is still, serene, meditative.

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Returning from the dead at Wayne Enterprises, Bruce has a meeting with Freeman's character Lucius Fox (another import from the comic books, created by writer Len Wein, who also came up with Wolverine for Marvel comics). Lucius means Light, and having already noted that Mr. Fox shares a name with Batman inspirational figure Senior Zorro, we can see his Promethean nature in action as he allows Bruce Wayne to experiment with various high tech devices created by Wayne Enterprises for military application, including grappling equipment and light battle armor. Note that Lucius, a former Wayne Enterprises board member, has been exiled to the basement of the Tower and the archival department for dead projects. This not only presents a Promethean model, Fox is being punished for remaining loyal to the vision of Thomas Wayne, so by concern for the common people by proxy. As the source for Batman's gadgetry, we can further see a connotation of the Olympian craftsman god Hephaestus, another mythological entity associated with the productive application of fire, punished for his defiance with a Fall.

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Bruce Wayne and Alfred now begin the process of creating the Batcave, demonstrated by the two bringing illumination to the subterranean complex. They also discuss plans for covertly importing the various components they will use to create Batman's costume and equipment. While this takes place Bruce Wayne is also surveying the situation in Gotham City. We're reintroduced to Oldman's Jim Gordon, one of the few honest cops on the Gotham City police force. His partner Arnold Flass is shown to be blatantly on the take from Falcone. Bruce, in ninja-like pre-Batman garb, contacts Gordon to recruit his assistance for his mission. Chased by the police, Bruce barely manages to escape, falling but catching himself on a fire escape.

In response to this close call he returns to Fox asking for lightweight fabrics for use in base jumping. Fox has "memory cloth", a substance that can be shaped using electrical currents. This provides a rational for the cape. At this point Fox also shows Bruce the "Tumbler", a high tech military vehicle designed to jump chasms and build Bridges during warfare. This of course becomes the Batmobile (never described as such).

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Note the highly Casket like appearance of the Batmobile, the operation of which even necessitates lying in a prone position to fire missiles. An additional scene with Alfred in the Batcave finds the two finishing their crafting process. Bruce forges a bat shaped shuriken, reminiscent of the chipped arrowhead from the movie's opening scene, symbolizing his purposeful refinement into a living weapon.

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Batman's first mission involves disrupting a major drug shipment by Falcone, with crooked cop Flass on scene. The drugs are smuggled inside Rabbit dolls, which I think is safe to assume is an Alice reference. Batman subdues Falcone (delivering the "I'm Batman!" line). The unconscious Falcone, self presented earlier as untouchable, is strapped to a spot light to produce the first Bat-Signal, as a message to the city of Gotham's new order. The signal light is easy to see as an emblem of Illumination, especially so presented in this context. Batman then saves Rachel from some Falcone thugs sent to shut her up, in the Subway, as always combining Train/Pilot and Underground symbolism. Batman provides Rachel with evidence he's gathered incriminating Falcone, and several corrupt members of the police force and the city government.

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And the evening ends with a dramatic shot of Batman standing atop a spire, looking down on Gotham City, a shot utilized as one of the film's posters. Batman here is visually made one with the architecture of the city, he and Gotham are one of the same. Appropriately he is presented as a Column.

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The imprisoned Falcone gets a consultation with Dr. Crane. Falcone states his awareness of Crane's experimentations with his patients, and threatens the security of their mutual employer's operation in Gotham, angling for a bigger payoff. Crane's response to this is to show Falcone his mask.

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The important symbolic figure of the Scarecrow, found in so many fantasy works, is yet another representation of Dionysus, as shown in the Masopust celebrations, Czechoslovakia's Mardi Gras Carnivale. The Scarecrow, as the sacrificial, effigy form of the agricultural Dionysus, speaks easily to the many other solar-agricultural resurrection gods. Further there is the inherent relationship between Scarecrows and Crows. Scarecrow gases Falcone with his fear toxin, rapidly driving the mobster into a state of deep madness. This fear/intoxication attribute has been an aspect of the Batman Scarecrow character since the early Silver Age (the villain having appeared a hand full of times during the Golden Age without any such substance).

Batman captures and interrogates the crooked cop Flass and learns from him that there was something else hidden in the drug shipments, and that it was being sent to a building in the Narrows, a slum area of Gotham City, on an island, separate from the rest of the city, also the location of Arkham Asylum. Batman goes to investigate, and is on scene when Crane and his goons arrive to destroy the holding place. This is Batman's first encounter with a villain, appropriately a fellow Dionysus resonator, emphasizing the alter-ego symbolism. Underlining his initiatory nature the Scarecrow gasses/intoxicates Batman, and then sets him on fire. Batman, hallucinating wildly from the fear toxin, manages to escape, dose the flames and summon Alfred before becoming insensate.

He comes to two days later in his room at Wayne Manor. It is coincidentally Bruce Wayne's birthday, allowing for a minor resurrection reference, as he rises from near death on the day of his birth. Alfred had summoned Mr. Fox, who alchemically produced an antidote to the fear compound. Bruce recognizes the effects of the Scarecrow's toxin as being the same as that of the Blue flower used by the League of Shadows. Rachel visits the mansion to wish Bruce a happy birthday. Her gift to Bruce is returning the arrowhead.

At Wayne Enterprises Lucius Fox and Mr. Earle have a conversation about a top secret device stolen from the company that emits high frequency microwaves in order to vaporize water supplies or emit chemical agents into the air (the stolen device introduced earlier in the film, and the discovery of which led to the murder of Rachel's DA boss Finch). Earle then fires Fox for knowing too much information.

Rachel goes to Arkham to observe Falcone and confront Dr. Crane on the convenience of Falcone's sudden insanity plea. Falcone is insensate, able only to mutter "Scarecrow". Crane explains this as Falcone externalizing his inner conflicts onto symbolic forms, Jungian archetypes. Crane then leads Rachel to the basement of Arkham, revealing the operation to lace the Gotham water supply with the fear toxin. Rachel tries to escape, but can't operate the Elevator, and she's gassed by the Scarecrow with a heavy dose of the toxin. Batman arrives, a turn of events that seems to excite Crane. He has one of his men notify the police of Batman's presence at Arkham. In their second struggle Batman overpowers Crane and doses him with his own toxin.

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And then interrogates him. In his drug induced state Crane sees Batman as a cthonic demon with a viscous, black fluid dripping from his mouth. Crane tells Batman that he works for Ra's al Ghul, whom Batman believed to be dead. This is all the information Batman can get out of him however as Crane's mind fully snaps (the Scarecrow loses his brain). The police arrive and surround the Asylum. Batman removes Rachel from the basement.

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Afraid of Batman, the police wait for SWAT backup before entering the building. Jim Gordon runs in alone. Batman has his ally Gordon covertly carry Rachel out and instructs him to meet him in an alley nearby. He fills Gordon into Crane's operation to drug the city water supply. Batman then uses a hypersonic emitter to summon a bat colony to help cover his escape.

Outside he retrieves Rachel from Gordon and loads her into the Batmobile. The police closely pursue. At one point Batman drives up a spiral parking garage and then drives (flies) across the rooftops of Gotham City. As Rachel's sanity hangs in the balance he is extremely ruthless in avoiding the police. He manages to shake pursuit, and takes Rachel to the Batcave, entering through a hidden entrance behind a waterfall, a very clear Water Door to the Underground/Other World.

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Batman gives Rachel the antidote and she awakens in the Batcave long enough (Batman casually informs her that he sedated her and she'll wake up at her home) for him to instruct her to take the two remaining doses to Gordon. He instructs Alfred to take Rachel home and switches to Bruce Wayne for a large birthday party being held for him at the mansion. At the party he meets up with Fox, who tells him about the stolen microwave emitter. Bruce sends Fox to Wayne Tower to generate more antidote.

He's then introduced by a guest to a Mr. Ra's al Ghul, another fake. But Henri Ducard is also present and Bruce now realizes that Ducard was Ra's all along. Naturally Ducard has also deduced that Bruce Wayne and Batman are one and the same. Recognizing the danger posed to the guests at his party Bruce play acts as a drunken cad, kicking everyone out. Ra's , in super villain fashion, describes his plot to Bruce, informing him that the fear toxin from the Blue flowers has been laced into the water supply, and will be vaporized by the microwave emitter, plunging the residents into terrified insanity, unleashing an "apocalypse of fear" on the city. He further suggests the ancient lineage of the League of Shadows, stating they have always been present to guide the course of society, maintaining balance by destroying corrupt cities, using "purging fire" to catalyze a "move back to harmony". The economic depression present in Gotham City during Bruce's childhood, the situation that resulted in the murder of Thomas and Martha Wayne and led to the high crime and corruption plaguing the city, is also identified as being orchestrated by the League. Ra's men then set the mansion on fire, as revenge for Bruce burning down the League of Shadows complex. Bruce is overpowered by Ra's men and becomes trapped under a collapsed, burning beam.

The League releases the inmates of Arkham Asylum, so the police move the majority of their men to the Narrows to round them up. Rachel revives and rushes to the Narrows, delivering the antidote to Gordon, but she becomes trapped on the island when the commissioner orders the bridges connecting the Narrows to the rest of Gotham raised. Ra's switches on the microwave emitter and the people in the Narrows go berserk.

Alfred rescues Bruce again and rushes him to the Batcave as Wayne Manor collapses behind them. He suits up as Batman and rushes to the Narrows. Rachel encounters Scarecrow, riding on a black horse (presumably liberated from a mounted riot police officer), presenting the Scarecrow as a kind of Sand Man riding a Night Mare (emphasized by the young boy Rachel is protecting who in his drug induced state sees the horse breathing fire).

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Rachel tazes Scarecrow, who gallops away shrieking like the Wicked Witch of the West, suggesting the reversal of this familiar figure, emphasized by his own use of fire. Rachel and the boy are then cornered by a group of Arkham inmates, including Mr. Zsasz, but they're rescued by Batman. He reveals his identity to Rachel, and then glides off to stop Ra's. The poisoned people below are depicted as seeing Batman flying over as a fire eyed demon. The hallucinatory device is here used to show Batman's synthesis, his metaphorical incarnation of fear, to be complete.

Ra's plan is to use the Gotham City elevated train system to transport the microwave emitter through the city, to the main hub of the city's water supply, of course beneath Wayne Tower, which will set off a chain reaction, vaporizing the laced water supply, spreading the madness now gripping the Narrows to the entire city. Despite the sombre, artsy trappings of the film we find here a very typical Batman-style villain's plot, a crisis on a clock, the mechanism of a closed system working with the logic of a Rube Goldberg device. After being mobbed by maddened citizens, Batman uses his Batrope to snag the speeding train, and he's dragged behind it as it races towards doomsday. If this were a hand of Tarot Major Arcana cards we'd have the Devil, the Chariot, the Hanged Man and the Tower.

Of course Batman gets on the train and of course it comes down to a final confrontation between him and Ra's, as the clock ticks away. Gordon races the train in the Batmobile, reaches a location directed to him by Batman and uses the Tumbler's missiles to shoot out the train supports, just in time. Note that the Everyman here really saves the day. The theatrical Batman is the distraction in this maneuver. As the train crashes Batman leaves Ra's to die, gliding away with his cape. Ra's goes down with the train, closing his eyes the moment before his death serenely, like a Jedi Master (which he is). No one familiar with the character of Ra's al Ghul can possibly view this as an actual death. Ra's al Ghul never dies. Resurrection is the primary storytelling motif of the character, notably present but not stressed in this production. Note the fiery aversion of the crisis, brought about by the collapsing of the Bridge, severing the connection to the Otherworld/Underworld, and forcing the Luciferian Ra's into a Fall. Lightning is prevented from striking the Tower.

This Fall is then echoed on another level as the next day, bright and sunny, it is revealed that Bruce Wayne retook control of Wayne Enterprises by buying up the majority share of the stock. Mr. Fox takes over and fires Mr. Earle. At the ruins of the mansion, Bruce Wayne boards up the Well he fell into years earlier, repeating the symbol of closing the Underworld. Rachel comes by and they kiss, as she now recognizes that he shares her mission to bring Justice through Order. But she closes the possibility of a romance for the time being, as she now recognizes that Bruce Wayne is the mask worn by Batman and not the other way around. Bruce Wayne is dead, and Gotham needs Batman.

With Alfred then Bruce announces his plan to rebuild the mansion brick for brick. Alfred suggests "improving the foundation", referring to the entrance from the mansion to the Batcave. Justice has instructed Batman to continue his mission, and the Underworld is immediately discussed as being reopened, with the passageway controlled, improved upon.

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The movie then doesn't really end. It closes with Gordon debuting the proper Batsignal, the Illumination device. Their conversation is a recognition that things are going to get worse now, as Gordon worries about a kind of psychopathic arms race in response to Batman's theatrics. As an example he shows Batman the calling card of a new murderer, of course the joker card, overtly reminiscent of the Fool. Batman states he'll look into it. We can note that the act of Looking shapes the Batman character, and Seeing is key to his abilities, he Detects, he Unveils. He's a Hoax busting Hoaxes. But Everyman Gordon foresees that Batman might be channeling dark forces that are beyond control. For Batman to operate the door to the Underworld has to be open, that's where he lives, but when that door is open other things get out. Batman is the Initiator of this inevitable formula.

Friday, February 15, 2008

Legerdemain of the Dark Knight I -The Pledge


Note: This is the beginning of a series of articles I wrote around the time of Heath Ledger's death, but prior to the release of The Dark Knight.  Obviously much more on these topics could now be said, and perhaps at some point I will.  There's been some trimming, so the introduction reads a bit awkwardly.

I'm very impressed with the treatment the Batman franchise is receiving under Christopher Nolan and crew. Thus far a masterful handling of the classic Batman Spell. With "The Dark Knight" we can of course only speculate, and set our expectations based on earlier productions. We also can only speculate on the level of esoteric cognition behind Nolan's productions. Whether conscious or unconscious, "Batman Begins" positively vibrates with key esoteric symbols.

It is my every intention to avoid anything that smacks of sensationalism regarding the sensitivity of this subject. Because while Nolan and Company perform their magic with tremendous charisma, showmanship and artistry, it also seems they might have underestimated the potency of the magic they're wielding, to tragic consequence. It is an eerie feeling when art and life intersect in blurry ways. It is heartbreaking when art generates tragedy, as it often does. How appropriate that these very themes are addressed with such mastery in the Nolan brothers film "The Prestige", which I can't help reading as a sister-work to the Nolan Batman movies.

The fantasy genre very familiarly tells stories in sets of three, trilogies, serial triptychs. Three sides of the triangle, three levels of initiation, a Pledge, a Turn and the Prestige. To me it seems very natural that this is a secret trilogy, not an equilateral triangle, with part two forming an oblique angle between parts one and three. A Batman Angle.

Though I don't feel it is needed, synchronistic confirmation for this viewpoint comes from "The Prestige" itself and this image from "Batman" #1, the first appearance of the Joker:

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Art by Bob Kane

A typical Batman pun that I extrapolated into Batman identifying himself with the King of Wands from the Tarot Minor Arcana. The King of Wands. Then in "The Prestige" magician Robert Angier (played by Hugh Jackman) sent a covert message to Cutter (Michael Caine) in the form of a miniature playing card stuck to the bottom of a glass Cutter was drinking from. The card was the King of Clubs. Out of a deck of fifty-two, why was that particular card utilized? Because the King of Clubs is the King of Wands, a status that Angier and rival magician Alfred Borden (Christian Bale) war over with mounting tragic results. Before we continue, note that Michael Caine, born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite, Jr., phonetically shares a (dark) pseudonym with Batman synthesizer Bob Kane.

Now there may be some sleight of hand at play with this trick, and how it's being described to us. According to the model, the Prestige is act three, the big pay off. Is it possible then that the segment titled "The Prestige" is itself actually the Turn, because it is Act II? Or is the title telling the truth and we're receiving the acts out of sequence? Nolan is notorious for playing with the chronology, the synchronism, of his story lines, while author Christopher Priest, who wrote the novel the film is adapted from, is known for his unreliable narrators.

What is clear at this time, however, is that "Batman Begins" is the Pledge, in nature, position and even by name. We are presented with something familiar, the story of Batman, and a promise is made that something spectacular is going to be done with it. "Batman Begins" positively bursts with promise. This is the cinema Batman, the perfect balance struck, the realization that the Batman story can be serious and fantastic in equal and supporting measure. "Batman Begins" is Batman Sublime.

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Undoubtedly part of what makes this film such a work of quality is the gifted cast. It is always at least entertaining to cast a synchronistic eye on the players involved, and the connotations their other roles contribute to the complex Batman collage. This practice is fundamental to the conception of "The Prestige" as direct sibling to the Nolan Batman films, as all feature Nolan working with actors Bale and Caine, in easily relating roles.

So here we go into the Underground. Remember when Alice went down the rabbit hole, she fell down a well, a very long well, lined with shelves and cupboards with all sorts of items on them. She could only catch glimpses as she fell. It was such a long fall that Alice got a little sleepy, and she dreamily mused, "Do cats eat bats? Do bats eat cats?". So you've been forewarned. See you at the bottom.

Bale's career started as a child-actor. One of the first films he appeared in was the 1987 Swedish fantasy "Mio min Mio"/"Mio in the Land of Faraway", which costars Christopher Lee as (as we should expect) an evil knight named Kato. Bale plays a character named Jum-Jum, best friend to the title character. The film is based upon the novel "Mio, my Mio" by Astrid Lindgren, famous for Pippi Longstocking. The plot involves golden apples, genies in bottles and the all-important fantasy convention of the Other World. This establishment of Bale as a resident of the Other World is no small detail. You may share my interest in the fact that this Bale movie features a title track, "Mio My Mio" by a Swedish pop band called Gemini.



Pan pipes, Twin Towers, the Bridge, a Well, and that's just in the trailer. Noteworthy too is the image of two riders on a horse, the very seal of the Knights Templar. That same year Bale starred in Steven Spielberg's "Empire of the Sun", a adaptation of J.G. Ballard's semi-autobiographical novel. It is one of Spielberg's films exploring aspects of World War II. The Time Magazine review of the film compared Spielberg's film making skill to an act of legerdemain.

Bale and Christopher Lee were reunited in the 1990 production of Robert Louis Stevenson's "Treasure Island". Bale has twice been featured in treatments of the Pocahontas legend, as a voice actor in the 1995 animated Disney film "Pocahontas", and ten years later in "The New World", released the same year as "Batman Begins". Christian played no less a role then Jesus in a 1999 made-for-television movie dedicated to Jesus' mother, "Mary, Mother of Jesus". Delightfully Mary was played by actress Pernilla August, best known for her role as Shmi Skywalker, mother of Dark Knight Darth Vader.

Bale had a role in 1998's "Velvet Goldmine", a film vocally based upon the British glam rock in the seventies and the relationship between David Bowie and Iggy Pop. Bale's breakthrough role is largely considered to be as Patrick Bateman in "American Psycho", a 2000 adaptation of the novel by Bret Easton Ellis.

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Note the combination of serial killer content with Mirror and Gemini/Alter Ego imagery in the movie's poster. The film leaves the reality of Bateman's violent actions up to the viewer to decide, suggesting they were perhaps the dark fantasies of a repressed sociopath, Bateman's Adventures Underground. Bateman. Bale played what has been called a similar role that year in "Shaft", starring Samuel L. Jackson in the midst of his portrayals of the Shaft-of-light saber wielding Jedi Master Mace Windu.



Hey, the Mona Lisa! Bale starred as Cleric John Preston in the 2002 dystopian action film "Equilibrium" (called "Cubic" in Scandinavia). It's like "Fahrenheit 451" with the violence amped up and church-hierarchy symbol play. The occult significance is apparent here at a surface level, as the film makes prominent use of a Theosophist/Symbolist William Butler Yeats' "He wishes for the Clothes of Heaven" ("Tread softly because you tread on my dreams"). Note the allegorical device of the mastery of an esoteric art. Writer/director Kurt Wimmer also created the 2006 Milla Jovovich sci-fi/viral vampire vehicle "Ultraviolet".

Bale's status as both a resident of the Otherworld and as the King of Wands/Master Magician, was established prior to his roles in either "Batman Begins" or "The Prestige" as he provided the voice for Howl in the English dub of Hayao Miyazaki's masterwork "Howl's Moving Castle", based on the novel by Diana Wynne Jones.

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The Blue-toned Bird symbolism and the Dionysian Scarecrow are just the beginning of the many wonders of this deeply magical work of art. Note the fundamental relationship between King of Wands Howl and the Fallen Star/Fire Elemental Calcifer. 2004 also featured Bale as Trevor Reznik in "The Machinest", as a paranoid insomniac, a role where once again his character's homicidal actions are symbolic hallucinations. The film was inspired by and makes repeat reference to the works of Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoevsky.

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Art by R.Sikoryak

This is a fascinating network of connotations brought to Batman via Bale's work, and given the talent and experience of his "Batman Begins" cast mates, it is not surprising to find numerous other noteworthy figures and roles added to the mix. I'll strive here for brevity, but, you know. Michael Caine has appeared in over 100 movies bringing a great deal to the parts of Alfred and Cutter. "The Dark Knight" write-ups stress the development of the Batman character, with emphasis on his role as a detective. A detective is an "uncoverer" or "unveiler", and as a device of Romantic fiction the detective genre is widely considered as stemming from the always relevant Edgar Allen Poe. And of course the works of Spiritualist Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (a close associate of magician Harry Houdini). Besides starring in both the original and the recent remake of "Sleuth", Caine portrayed Doyle's Sherlock Holmes in the comedy "Without A Clue" and Frederick Abberline in a 1988 made-for-TV "Jack the Ripper". Keeping to the Victorian-era, Caine was the title character(s) in a 1990 TV-movie adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's Apollonian/Dionysian Alter-Ego classic "Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde", Submariner Captain Nemo in a 1997 version of Jules Verne's "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea", and Ebeneezer Scrooge in "The Muppet Christmas Carol".

The latter, of course, costarred Frank Oz. Oz directed Caine in his role as a master con artist in 1988's "Dirty Rotten Scoundrels" (the same year as Caine's inept Holmes). Caine brought great history and charm to the part of Nigel Powers in "Austin Powers in Goldmember", as the father of both Austin and Dr. Evil. Da Vinci smirks at us again due to Caine's role in Neil Jordan's 1986 crime drama "Mona Lisa". That same year brought Caine one of his Academy Awards, for his role in Woody Allen's "Hannah and Her Sisters". Caine richly deserved the Oscar he received for his role as Dr. Wilbur Larch in Lasse Hallström's 1999 adaptation of John Irving's "The Cider House Rules". My absolute favorite Caine performance, however, was as the pot farmer Jasper in Alfonso Cuarón's breathtaking "Children of Men" from 2006, based on "The Children of Men" by author P.D.James.

Commissioner James Gordon has been a part of Batman's cast of characters since "Detective Comics" #27, Batman's first appearance. The amazing Gary Oldman plays him in Nolan's Batman films, and brings with him a host of intriguing correlations through his many exceptional roles. His big break, and my first awareness of him, came through his portrayal of Sid Vicious in 1986's "Sid and Nancy". Vicious is cited as one of the inspiring figures for Ledger's version of the Joker. Things get even stranger when we consider Oldman as Lee Harvey Oswald in the 1991 Oliver Stone classic "JFK". The next year saw Oldman deliver an incredible portrayal of the title character in Francis Ford Coppola's adaptation of "Bram Stroker's Dracula". In "Immortal Beloved" Oldman played Baroque master composer Ludwig von Beethoven, and he was Reverend Dimmsdale in the wrong-minded 1995 reworking of Nathaniel Hawthorne's classic "The Scarlet Letter".

Anything connected to "The Fifth Element" is significant in my book, and it featured Oldman as the villainous arms-dealer Zorg. Indeed, his villain roles are highly remarkable. He was Pontius Pilate in the 1999 TV-movie "Jesus" (a role played by David Bowie in "The Last Temptation of Christ"), Dr. Smith in the 1998 film version of sci-fi classic "Lost in Space", and Mason Verger in 2001's "Hannibal", based on the Thomas Harris novel and directed by Ridley Scott. And of course Gary Oldman was the sacrificial Sirius Black in the Harry Potter film series.

Liam Neeson was perfectly cast as the amalgamation of Batman characters Henri Ducard and Ra's al Ghul. In his film career he's played real world figures Oskar Schindler in 1993's "Schindler's List" (another of Spielberg's WWII epics), the title character of 1995's "Rob Roy" and Alfred Kinsey in "Kinsey" from 2004. His film debut was 1981's "Excalibur", playing the esoterically important figure of Gawain. He played the title role in 1990's "Darkman", a tragic figure mixing the motifs of super heroes and gothic monsters, a product of "Spider-Man" director Sam Raimi, who created the character in part because he was unable to license the rights to Batman or the Shadow. "Darkman" obviously also drew inspiration from Victor Hugo's "The Hunchback of Notre Dame". A more direct Neeson/Hugo association came in his starring role as Jean Valjean in the 1998 adaptation of "Les Misérables".

Followers of the major initiatory symbolic device of climbing Himalayan Mountains will appreciate Neeson's role as narrator of 1998's IMAX documentary "Everest". His role as mentor to Batman is especially apt given the similar (but reverse-natured) role he played as Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jin in "Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace", and also as Godfrey of Ibelin in Ridley Scott's 2005 Crusader epic "Kingdom of Heaven". He provides the voice of Aslan in the Disney adaptations of C.S.Lewis' "The Chronicles of Narnia", lest we forget the underlying solar-messiah-agriculture symbolism underlying just about everything. Neeson was also "Priest" Vallon in Martin Scorsese's monumental 2002 film "Gangs of New York", playing the father of Leonardo DiCaprio's sovereignty figure Amsterdam.

"Batman Begins", "Kingdom of Heaven" and "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe" were all released in 2005, as well as Neil Jordan's comedy-drama "Breakfast on Pluto" based on a novel by Patrick McCabe. Neeson is featured, this time as a literal rather then a figurative priest, ironically named Father Liam, the illegitimate father of the movie's transgender protagonist Patrick "Kitten" Braden. Kitten is brilliantly portrayed by Cillian Murphy. Murphy is also part of the "Batman Begins" cast, bringing a fantastic, creepy vibe to Dr. Jonathan Crane/Scarecrow.

Murphy starred in two Danny Boyle movies, the viral zombie flick "28 Days Later", and "Sunshine", a science fiction piece about a mission to reignite the sun. In 2003 he had roles in both "Cold Mountain" and "Girl with a Pearl Earring", the Scarlett Johansson film about Vermeer, a master who more then likely utilized optical techniques to create his masterpieces. Cillian Murphy was exceptional as a hit man in Wes Craven's "Red Eye", also released in 2005, playing a character named Jackson Rippner.

"Girl with a Pearl Earring" (inevitably Aphrodite resonating) also featured Tom Wilkinson, who played Gotham City crime lord Carmine Falcone in "Batman Begins". Amongst Wilkinson's many roles are parts as General Corwallis in 2000's "The Patriot", a film featuring Heath Ledger's break out role, and in the HBO mini-series "John Adams" as Benjamin Franklin. He also played the memory erasing Dr. Howard Mierzwiak in 2004's "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind".

Noting the already numerous vampire associations, Dionysian entities that are easy to recognize as another presentation of Bat+Man, we also see Rutger Hauer in "Batman Begins", as the corporate villain William Earle, who attempts a take-over of Wayne Enterprises. He will ever be noteworthy for his role in Ridley Scott's "Blade Runner", playing the perfectly named Roy Batty. In the 1985 Richard Donner fantasy "Ladyhawke" he plays romantically cursed werewolf Captain Etienne Navarre. His vampire resume is nearly second to none. In 1992 he played chief vampire Lothos in the original "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" movie. In the 2004 remake of Stephen King's "Salem's Lot" he was Kurt Barlow, and as Count Dracula himself in the direct to video "Dracula III Legacy" from 2005, the same year as "Batman Begins". That year also saw Hauer appearing in Robert Rodriguez's adaptation of Frank Miller's "Sin City" as Cardinal Roark

Since "Batman Begins" replaces a film of Zorro with a super natural opera in its telling of the Batman origin, I find it a nice, likely accidental, touch that the story includes a character named Lucius Fox, employed as Batman's benefactor. And Morgan Freeman makes (almost) anything good. Freeman does wonders to make "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves" as watchable as it is, playing the Hashishin-like Azeem, a character originally scripted as being named Aslan, believe it or not. Freeman should have won the Academy Award for his powerful performance as Red in Frank Darabont's 1994 "The Shawshank Redemption", based on a Stephen King novella.

Freeman plays the aptly named Detective Somerset in David Finscher's gothic symbolist classic "Se7en". Noting the strong showing for major religious figures in our lineup, we can hardly ignore Freeman's roles as God in "Bruce Almighty" and "Evan Almighty". He is hands down the best thing about the disappointing botch job "Dreamcatcher" based on a highly complex novel by King, playing Col. Kurtz as a nod to Joseph Conrad. In 2005, the year of "Batman Begins", Freeman also had releases featuring him as narrator, in Spielberg and Cruise's "War of the Worlds" H.G. Wells remake (a major league hoax model) and the documentary "March of the Penguins", which is obviously pertinent as we're talking about Batman. Of course he's automatically awesome because he used to work with Spider-Man back in the seventies.



This one's a little more creepy:



What a fun word to sing about. He doesn't drown because he's already dead.

Speaking of which, I really enjoy Katie Holmes as Rachel Dawes, but I suppose I'll always be endeared to her due to her role as Hannah Green in Curtis Hanson's 2000 film version of Michael Chabon's "Wonder Boys". Chabon helped craft the script of the second Spider-Man film and I'm pretty certain understands the concept of the comic book super hero as magic spell and golem.

Sadly madness seems to reign as Holmes opted out of "The Dark Knight" in favor of "Mad Money", or so the story goes. They recast the role with the Maggie Gyllenhaal. She is of course the sister of Heath Ledger's "Brokeback Mountain" costar Jake Gyllenhaal. Jake Gyllenhaal was one of the contenders for the role of Batman that Bale eventually received. The Gyllenhaals appeared together as brother and sister in the dark (of course) Wonderland psychodrama "Donnie Darko". And she is a key character in "Mona Lisa Smile", noting the continued Da Vinci trend.

"Batman Begins" faux-Ra's al Ghul portrayer Ken Watanabe is probably best known for his role as Katsumoto in the 2003 Tom Cruise vehicle "The Last Samurai", and his roles in "Memoirs of a Geisha" and "Letters From Iwo Jima". He was rumored to be playing Marvel's Silver Samurai (a Steve Gerber character) in  "The Wolverine", which returned Hugh Jackman to the Dionysian role. \

I make no apologies for being obsessive, and you have to admit, the information involved here is practically fractal. Things intersect in weird ways.  The film making world is a relatively small circle. And of course it's natural that super heroes with such explicit similarities as Batman and Spider-Man (the former certainly informing the latter) will naturally bump shoulders from time to time. But really, in such strange ways just by looking at the cast of "Batman Begins" alone, Spider-Man via Michael Chabon, Spider-Man via the Electric Company, Spider-Man via Darkman. If Spider-Man is expected, what about Da Vinci hiding behind the veil of the "Mona Lisa", Dracula and his kin, or the underlying resonance of World War II? These are essential ingredients of the Bat-Collage, and we find them at play here in all sorts of non-linear ways.

So that's the major cast members of "Batman Begins". In a future article I'll take a close look at the cast in action and the film's use of esoteric symbolism.